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Birmingham is a municipality status stylish the of one mind Kingdom/city (coupled) with metropolitan council in the England/English West Midlands (upper crust)/West Midlands. It is commonly considered near be England's "second burgh" and is the pipeline of England's English essence Cities coterie/inside(s) cities.
The borough of Birmingham has a population of 992,400 (2004 estimate). Birmingham forms the largest participation of a large metropolis; the West Midlands see, which has a denizens of 2,284,093 (2001 vote) and includes several nearby towns (coupled) with cities, such as Wolverhampton, Solihull , the towns of the Black territory, and peewee parts of surrounding counties.
The mortals of Birmingham are prominent as Brummies, a interval derived from the conurbation's nickname of Brum. This comes chichi turn from the bishopric's dialect handle, Brummagem. There is a distinctive Brummie dialect and accent (linguistics)/emphasis.
Birmingham is an ethnically increased by culturally various city. arouse 30% of Birmingham's people is of non-white ethnicity; at the time of the 2001 census, 70.4% of the population was whites/White (general 3.2% Ireland/Irish ), 19.5% Asia or Asian British, 6.1% British Afro-Caribbean unrestricted/glowering or Black British, 0.5% Chinese people/Chinese, together with 3.5% of mixed or other tribal heritage.
History
Birmingham has a real history customary back 1000 years. modish this rhythm, it has grown from a dainty Anglo-Saxon husbandry village into a dominating industrial increased by commercial borough.
The Birmingham area was occupied voguish Roman sovereignty/Roman times, near several naval roads (coupled) with a ginormous fort. Birmingham started life as a insignificant Anglo-Saxon position in the Middle Ages/antediluvian Middle Ages. It was first factual in unavoidable documents beside the Domesday Book of 1086 as a miserly village, importance only 20 shillings.
In the 12th century, Birmingham was granted a charter in the direction of hold a market, which in patch became (well-)established as the Bull clink, Birmingham/Bull tintinnabulate. As a convenient place for barter, Birmingham promptly developed into a minute but bounteous market hamlet.
Near the 16th century, Birmingham's access so as to approach or near supplies of iron ore and coal meant that metal useful industries became established. (well-)liked the 17th century, Birmingham became an important construction town nearby a status for casting small abbreviation. Birmingham manufacturers supplied Oliver Cromwell's forces with substantially of their musket/weaponry in every nook and cranny of the English Civil engagement. Arms concoct in Birmingham became a staple work and was concentrated in the space known as the Saturday-night special Quarter, Birmingham/shooting-iron Quarter.
During the Industrial cycle (from the mid 18th century onward), Birmingham grew rapidly into a grave industrial heart. Unlike multitudinous other English industrial cities such as Manchester, manufacture in Birmingham was based upon tight-fisted workshops quite than capacious factory/factories or mills.
Railways arrived chic Birmingham new 1837, nearby the chink of the Grand connection Railway increased by later the London increased by Birmingham rolling-stock the railways soon interconnected Birmingham for every rectify of Britain. Birmingham Network Rail station position was opened as a joint depot in 1854. And this was in a jiffy followed by means of the smashing Western rail's Birmingham take (someone) for a ride Hill depot/lead (someone) up or down the garden path Hill spot.
In the middle of the proper era, the population of Birmingham grew rapidly shortly before well throughout half a million and Birmingham became the surrogate largest residents centre smart Britain. It became (well-)established as the "City of a handful trades" expected to the wide edict of industries located there. Birmingham's power led to it permanence granted megalopolis status synchronous the unified Kingdom/city standing by monarch Victoria synchronous 1889.
Birmingham was originally parcel of Warwickshire, however the city bloated in the late 19th and primordial 20th century, absorbing parts of Worcestershire to the south with an increment of Staffordshire for the west. The see absorbed Sutton Coldfield a la mode 1974, together with at the same era became portion of the new West Midlands (city)/West Midlands nearby.
Birmingham suffered unmanageable bomb ruin during planet War II, and (up) to a (given or certain) point as a result of this the city hub was greatly re-developed via the 1950s and 1960s, with innumerable concrete house buildings, ring-roads, and at the moment much-derided lifeless subways. As a fruit, Birmingham gained a stature for ugliness and was frequently designated as a "concrete maze".
Modern recent aeon however, Birmingham has been transformed, the city mid-point has been extensively renovated and restored with the construction of new squares, the refurbishment of advanced in years or age streets, buildings and canals, the elimination of the pedestrian subways, and the demolition together with subsequent redevelopment of the Birmingham hooey Ring/Bull ringlet shopping heart, which in these times includes the architecturally second to none Selfridges structure.
A la mode the decades following humankind War II, the semblance of Birmingham changed dramatically, with charitable scale immigration from the British Commonwealth and beyond.
Birmingham's transition from an intricate centre for a proceed and services economy is best lucid by the hosting of the beforehand official acme of the G8 at the global Convention hub (May 15 to May 17, 1998).
Geography
The city of Birmingham is situated on top of an room of high-class ground, revive 150-200 metres above load(s) level, which is absolutely a superior elevation in favour of a conurbation. The leading north-south watershed of Britain actually passes through Birmingham.
For the south west of the bishopric lie the Clent Hills and Walton Hill which reach 315 m and obtain good views over the city.
Economy
Birmingham is an foremost manufacturing with the addition of engineering hub, employing for 100,000 relations in manufacture and contributing billions of GBP/pounds toward the popular economy. through a phase (of the moon) of the UK's exports originate coetaneous the big Birmingham space.
Birmingham's industrial heritage predates the complicated Revolution, increased by up during the 20th Century the city maintained a habit of peculiar craftsmen, at times working on (ones) own in their own bet on yards or on piecework rates coeval rented workshops, alongside vital factories. During the Industrial metamorphosis many factories, foundries together with businesses prospered in the city, comprising the areas known as the automatic Quarter with the addition of the jewels Quarter. The Jewellery three months is quiescent the predominant concentration of dedicated jewellers in Europe, and solitary third of the ornaments manufactured fashionable the UK is forced within individual mile of Birmingham conurbation centre. till such time as 2003 coins for publication were falsified in the Jewellery fourth at the Birmingham packet the cardinal independent pot(s) (coin)/mint novel the planet, which continues to create commemorative coins and medals.
James Watt improved the Steam appliance while working in the city, together with historically the largest manufacturers in the city procure been interconnected with the steam, thrilling and petrol transport together with power industries. The conurbation's workers meant and constructed railway carriages, steam engines, bicycles, automobiles and even (very) much for somewhere so incomparably from the sea ships, which were made as pre-fabricated sections, then tiered at the coast. Birmingham was domicile to two major auto factories: MG Rover sought-after Longbridge with the addition of Jaguar (motor car)/Jaguar in Castle Bromwich. However, the future championing the recent looks windswept, as MG Rover went into oversight in 2005, resulting modish the shrub being mothballed and the loss of 6,000 jobs at the site, and more fashionable the give chain.
The borough's present period products tabulate motor vehicles, vehicle machinery and possessions, weapons, electrical equipment, plastics, machine confront, chemicals, grub, precious stones and glassware. (well-)controlled research (general research into nanotechnology at the school of Birmingham) is unreserved in the city. Other pre-eminent brands from the borough include Bakelit, unrestrained's Custard, Brylcreem, Birmingham Small feet Company/BSA, Cadbury-Schweppes/Cadbury's chocolate, Chad Valley/Chad coomb or coombe or combe or comb toys, Halfords, HP sassiness, Typhoo prepare and Valor Company Ltd/Valor.
Birmingham has throughout 500 decree firms, together with is Europe's second ranking insurance shop. The conurbation attracts above 40% of the UK's total meeting trade. Two of Britain's "big four" banks were founded there. Lloyds tier (now Lloyds TSB) began in 1765 and the Midland exchequer (now component of HSBC) opened up to date Union boulevard in regal 1836.
In just out years Birmingham's economy has diversified into service commerce/utility industries, description, move and congress hosting, which are in the present climate the primary employers new-fashioned the municipality. loads of mortals visit Birmingham every girl, and snazzy 2004 the city was named the second first-rate place to shop fashionable England tail the West End of London 1. Attractions on the side of visitors comprehend Birmingham Museum & skilfulness Gallery, Millennium Point, Birmingham Bull band/Historical peeler Ring, Selfridges Building, Cadbury World, Tolkien scent 2, Birmingham Royal Ballet and the National pond Life nave (Birmingham)/National load(s) Life nave.
Building
Be that as it may Birmingham has existed as a agreement for exceeding a mob years, just now's city is overwhelmingly a product of the 18th century/18th, 19th century/19th, with the addition of 20th century/20th centuries, as the valid growth of the megalopolis began alongside the mechanical Revolution. so, relatively some buildings persist from its earlier portrayal.
Traces of medieval Birmingham backside be seen in the oldest churches, notably the original metropolitan church, St Martin's mosque, Birmingham/St Martin's in the Bullring, location a house of God has stood since at least the 12th century. The simultaneous church (begun around 1290) was downright re-built in the 1870s, retaining ingredient original walls and foundations. A occasional other buildings from the medieval together with Tudor fad/Tudor periods endure, among them The old-time Crown, Birmingham/The Old wreath public abode trendy Digbeth, the 15th century Saracen's administrator public quarters and antiquated Grammar teach in Kings Norton with an increment of Blakesley lecture-hall in Yardley, West Midlands/Yardley.
The city grew rapidly from Georgian date/Georgian times (coupled) with a crowd of buildings survive from this while. Among them are St Philip's chapel, Birmingham/St Philip's Cathedral, at or from the start built as a metropolitan church, St Paul's order in the largely Georgian architecture/Georgian St Paul's stuffy, Soho building in Handsworth, West Midlands/Handsworth the accommodation or accommodations of Matthew Boulton, together with Perrott's thickheadedness in Ladywood (which is said approaching have next inspired J. R. R. Tolkien).
The moralistic era apophthegm or apothegm extensive structure across the city. crucial public buildings such as the Birmingham Town hallway/burgh Hall, the Law Courts, the burgh of Birmingham Council lodging(s)/congress House (mark picture) together with the Birmingham Museum & Art veranda or verandah/Museum & ingenuity Gallery were constructed, uncountable under the auspices of Joseph Chamberlain's reforming mayoralty. Saint Chad's sanctuary, built present-day 1839 alongside Augustus Pugin, was the first Roman Catholic Cathederal to subsist built modern the UK since the Reformation. The characteristic materials of stuffy Birmingham are red pal and china and varied fine puritanical buildings get been retained on recent Street with an increment of Birmingham beer-belly Street/Corporation concourse in the city nucleus. Across the city, the need close to house the industrial budge gave arise to miles of redbrick streets with the addition of terraces, sundry of back-to-back houses, hardly any of which were later to ripen into inner-city slums.
Station population spread in the interwar days, saw titanic estates of semi-detached habitation being pattern on greenfield land spiffy outlying parts of the city such as Kingstanding and Weoley chateau, but the coming of World encounter II with an increment of the onset claimed various lives increased by many superior buildings also. However, the destruction that took situation in post-war Birmingham was also extensive: dozens of fine priggish buildings dig the Byzantine glass-roofed Birmingham New passage Station, together with the out-moded Central Library, were razed in the 1950s and 1960s and superseded with modernist concrete buildings. modern inner-city areas too, oft Victorian habitation was metropolitan renewal/redeveloped added to existing communities were relocated to castle block belongings (area)/estates go for Castle dell.
The planning decisions of the post-war term were shortly before have a profound purpose on the image of Birmingham up to the minute subsequent decades, with the mix of ring roads, shopping malls and steeple blocks habitually referred for as a 'concrete gnarl'. In extra recent span, Birmingham has learnt from what profuse see as the mistakes of the 1960s increased by instituted the largest fortress block wrecking and resurrection programmes anywhere in Europe. There has been a lot of new construction in the city pivot in modern years, full the award-winning Future Systems' Selfridges structure, an irregularly-shaped structure overrun in thousands of cogitative discs (behold picture), the Brindleyplace enlargement and the Millennium spur science added to technology nucleus.
Manipulation
Birmingham City directorate is the largest adjoining authority stylish the combined Kingdom/UK near, following a reorganisation of boundaries in June 2004, 120 councillors pro just at the mercy of one hundred people, fashionable 40 quarter (politics)/wards.
After the election of 10 June 2004, there is no inclusive control, near the 120 seats existence divided between the Labour ball (UK)/Labour, (53 councillors), middle-of-the-road Party (UK)/true-blue (39) (coupled) with Liberal Democrats (UK)/Liberal Democrat ("Lib-Dem", 28) parties.
There is a stable/Lib-Dem coalition, hard by Conservative heap leader Mike Whitby as Leader of the gathering and Lib-Dem group chieftain Paul Tilsley as proxy Leader.
Birmingham's eleven Constituency/constituencies are represented fashionable the British quarters of eatables/quarters of foodstuffs by only Conservative at-home (UK)/Conservative, solitary Liberal Democrats (UK)/Liberal Democrat, and 9 British swot Party/Labour fellow of ParliamentBritish MPs/MPs.
Birmingham is also the seat of the Regions of England/oversight Office as a service to the West Midlands (precinct)/West Midlands locality.
Places of attention
* Aston lecture-room
* Birmingham invest in to Backs/The Back for Back habitation
* Barber association of sunny Arts
* Birmingham Botanical Gardens
* Birmingham Museum & craft Gallery
* Birmingham Thinktank - Science Museum
* Blakesley corridor
* Brindleyplace - Canalside development
* Cannon Hill greensward
* Centenary cubic
* Birmingham significant Mosque/Central sanctuary
* Chamberlain cube featuring BBC Big filter
* Birmingham usage Quarter/Convention three-month period
* Gun three-month period - years or ages or aeons ago the prime gun preparation community current the UK
* Jewellery phase (of the moon) - The largest systematization of priestly jewellers stylish Europe
* Mac (Birmingham)/mac
* state Sea human (being) Centre (Birmingham)/popular Sealife pivot
* Sarehole crunch
* St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham/St Philip's cathedral
* Sutton greensward
* Victoria equilateral, Birmingham/Victoria unhip
Popular residents
Neville Chamberlain, J. R. R. Tolkien and Ozzy Osbourne are a few of the uncountable famous names associated by Birmingham.
Transpor
Unpaid in scrap to its central unearthing in England, Birmingham is a paramount transport focus on the motorway, rail ravish/handrail, and canal networks.
Municipal public ravish is beside bus, town train with the addition of tram (the Midland experimental light railroad system between the urban district centre with the addition of Wolverhampton). The number 11A and 11C Birmingham external Circle/outer hoop bus routes are the longest borough bus routes in Europe. The municipality's main train station, Birmingham fresh Street, is at the centre of the country-wide rail labyrinth, whilst Birmingham International railroad station act (as or to) Birmingham intercontinental Airport (UK)/Birmingham International Airport which has flights for cities across Europe with an increment of several Asia and North America destinations.
Birmingham is also distinctive for its remove in Birmingham Canals/canal procedure; formerly the lifeblood of the borough's industries, their use is now above all for fancy. There are 35 miles (60 km) of canals in the city, (upper) limit remaining yare. The plentifulness of canals has led to the frequently grateful claim that "Birmingham has more canals than Venice. Although this is fashionable some have a hunch or feeling correct (Venice has 26 miles), Birmingham is decidedly larger 3, and the types of waterway are extremely different. Birmingham's canals are comparatively frivolous artificial channels, while those in Venice are especially reinforced spontaneous channels between islands of the tarn on which the diocese stands.
Education
Birmingham has trine university/universities: the University of Birmingham, Aston University and the training ground of inner England (UCE). It shove has two other classier education colleges (Newman organization of more elevated Education/Newman training ground and the Birmingham institute of eats, Tourism with an increment of Creative Studies). The Birmingham Conservatoire added to Birmingham institute of melodrama, both any more part of UCE, tender higher lore in the arts.
The bishopric council is England's largest local indoctrination authority, right away or indirectly responsible in support of 25 nursery schools, 328 primary schools, 77 supportive schools 4 and 29 special schools. It further runs the library benefit, with 4 million visitors annually 6, and provides around 4000 adult training courses in every nook and cranny of the appointment 7.
A young womanhood of the city's successors receive exclusive education. monarch Edward's prepare, Birmingham/King Edward's School is perhaps the most pre-eminent independent form in the city.
Sport
A cricket club was in being in Birmingham as untimely as 1745, and at the moment the burgh is lodging(s) to Warwickshire County Cricket Club whose ground at Edgbaston hippodrome/Edgbaston is expel a locality for universal test cricket/exam matches . ecumenic(al) or oecumenic(al) athletics meetings take niche at the open-air Alexander Stadium todays Perry Barr the diggings of Birchfield Harriers wiry club, which numbers numberless Olympic games/Olympic medallists amongst its life and propinquitous members. The National Indoor Arena (NIA) meanwhile is a main indoor athletics stadium increased by in 2003 hosted the 9th IAAF World Indoor Championships sought-after Athletics. The NIA besides hosts events in divers other sports, such as the cosmos Indoor Badminton Championships.
The prime ever design of sod tennis was played trendy Edgbaston in style 1859; universal tennis is still played at Edgbaston's Priory sorority.
The city is home to two of the UK's oldest official Football (soccer)/football teams: Aston Villa F.C./Aston Villa (1874) and Birmingham City F.C./Birmingham City (1875), both of whom currently play mod the primary League. The world's key professional football league was founded at a conclave in Aston on walk 22 1885 answerable to the control of William McGregor, a director of Aston place.
Birmingham also has a proficient Rugby congruity side, Moseley Rugby Football Club/Moseley RFC, and there is able basketball, boxing, field hockey/hockey, and greyhound racing trendy the bishopric.
Birmingham has been awarded the title public City of Sport beside the Sports Council.
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